Society & Class

Examinations of class, power, and the structures we live within.

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Other Colors: Essays and a Story

Other Colors: Essays and a Story

What does it mean to be a writer, to belong to a city, or to live between different cultural worlds? In Other Colors, Orhan Pamuk opens a window into his creative life through a collection of essays, interviews, diary entries, literary reflections, and personal recollections written over more than two decades. Pamuk writes about his childhood in Istanbul, the pleasures and anxieties of everyday life, his relationship with his daughter, and the books and writers who shaped his imagination. He reflects on the art of writing novels, the relationship between Eastern and Western literary traditions, and the political and cultural tensions that have influenced modern Turkey. The collection also includes the short story Looking Out the Window, offering a glimpse of his fiction through a different lens. Intimate, curious, and often provocative, Other Colors reveals the ideas and experiences behind Pamuk’s celebrated novels. It is both a portrait of a writer at work and a meditation on literature, memory, politics, and the complexities of belonging.

Our City That Year

Our City That Year

Geetanjali Shree

An Indian city descends into communal violence, and the boundaries between neighbours, friends, and enemies begin to collapse. As religious extremism spreads and fear silences public life, three intellectuals struggle to make sense of the unfolding catastrophe. Shruti, a writer, finds herself unable to put the horrors into words; Hanif, an academic whose secular beliefs isolate him, watches his world shrink; and Sharad confronts the growing distance between himself and his childhood friend. Meanwhile, an unnamed narrator attempts to record what others might prefer to forget. Inspired by the political and social tensions surrounding the destruction of the Babri Mosque in 1992, Our City That Year is a haunting exploration of religious nationalism, fractured communities, and the responsibility of bearing witness when silence becomes complicity.

Why Goats Smell Bad and Other Stories

Why Goats Smell Bad and Other Stories

Why Goats Smell Bad and Other Stories from Benin is a collection of traditional folktales from the Fon people of Benin, adapted and translated by storyteller and scholar Raouf Mama. Drawing on West Africa’s rich oral storytelling traditions, the collection features tales of orphans, magical twins, kings and queens, spirits, talking animals, farmers, and clever tricksters. Through imaginative adventures, unexpected transformations, and humorous encounters, the stories explore human behaviour and the consequences of greed, jealousy, pride, and dishonesty. Some resemble familiar folktales from other parts of the world, while others offer distinctive insights into Fon cultural beliefs, customs, and values. Mama also provides notes explaining cultural details and the adaptations made to the original oral narratives. By preserving stories passed down through generations, the collection celebrates Benin’s cultural heritage and demonstrates how traditional tales can communicate moral lessons, explain the natural world, and illuminate the complexities of human relationships.

Representations of the Intellectual

Representations of the Intellectual

Should intellectuals challenge those in power, even when doing so threatens their careers, reputations, or personal safety? Based on his 1993 BBC Reith Lectures, Representations of the Intellectual explores the role of the thinker in public life. Edward W. Said argues that intellectuals have a responsibility to question accepted wisdom, resist political and institutional pressure, and speak honestly about injustice—even when their views are unpopular. Drawing on figures such as Theodor Adorno and Jonathan Swift, as well as contemporary political events, Said examines the dangers of allowing expertise, ambition, nationalism, or financial interests to silence independent thought. He presents the intellectual as an outsider who must remain willing to challenge authority rather than simply serve it. Passionate and provocative, this short collection asks what it means to preserve intellectual independence in a world shaped by powerful institutions and competing interests. It remains a compelling reflection on the relationship between knowledge, conscience, and public responsibility.

Palestine United States 1994

The Secret History

The Secret History

At an elite Vermont college, a tight-knit group of classics students becomes consumed by beauty, intellectual obsession, and the darker side of ancient philosophy. When their pursuit of an extraordinary experience leads to murder, their carefully constructed world begins to unravel. An atmospheric psychological novel about guilt, privilege, and the dangerous allure of belonging.

United States 1992

The Trench

Abd al-Rahman Munif

The Trench is the second novel in Abdul Rahman Munif’s Cities of Salt quintet, which explores the transformation of the Arabian Peninsula following the discovery of oil. Set in the fictional emirate of Harran, the novel follows the growing power of the ruling elite as oil wealth reshapes society, politics, and everyday life. Foreign interests, local rulers, and emerging institutions compete for influence, while ordinary people struggle to understand and adapt to a rapidly changing world. Through vivid characters and a broad social panorama, Munif examines how economic modernization can deepen inequality, weaken traditional communities, and concentrate power in the hands of a privileged few. The novel offers a critical portrait of a society caught between inherited customs and the disruptive forces of global capitalism, exposing the human costs behind promises of progress.

Saudi Arabia 1991

The Blind Kingdom

The Blind Kingdom

Veronique Tadjo

In The Blind Kingdom, Véronique Tadjo imagines a society thrown into chaos when a devastating natural disaster shakes the land and an epidemic of blindness takes hold. As the kingdom struggles to survive, its people face fear, uncertainty, and the collapse of the structures that once held their world together. Yet the crisis exposes more than physical suffering: it reveals the moral blindness of those in power and the indifference of a ruler who remains detached from the misery of his subjects. At the centre of the story is a tyrannical king whose obsession with authority prevents him from recognising the suffering around him. His daughter, however, begins to question the kingdom’s injustice and becomes drawn to a man seeking to save the country from oppression. Through this allegorical tale, Tadjo explores dictatorship, social inequality, and the dangers of political leaders who refuse to see the realities faced by ordinary people. Blending novelistic storytelling with poetic and symbolic elements, Tadjo creates a powerful reflection on a society approaching collapse. Although rooted in the political realities of Côte d’Ivoire and wider African experiences, the novel’s themes of authoritarianism, resistance, and collective responsibility resonate far beyond its setting.

Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast) 1990

The Stranger

The Stranger follows Meursault, an emotionally detached French Algerian who lives in Algiers and seems indifferent to the social conventions that govern those around him. After attending his mother’s funeral without displaying the expected signs of grief, he returns to his ordinary routine, beginning a relationship with Marie and becoming involved in the affairs of his neighbour, Raymond. During a seemingly unremarkable day at the beach, a confrontation leads Meursault to commit a sudden act of violence that changes the course of his life. As he faces trial, the focus gradually shifts from the crime itself to his unconventional behaviour and apparent refusal to conform to society’s expectations. Through Meursault’s experience, Camus explores alienation, morality, justice, and the absurdity of human existence. Set in colonial Algeria, the novel also reflects the inequalities and tensions of the period. Written in a spare, detached style, The Stranger questions whether society judges people for their actions or for their failure to express the emotions and beliefs it considers acceptable.

Old Masters: A Comedy

Old Masters: A Comedy

Thomas Bernhard

For more than thirty years, music critic Reger has returned to the same bench in Vienna’s Kunsthistorisches Museum to contemplate a painting by Tintoretto. But he is not there simply to admire art: he studies masterpieces in search of their imperfections, convinced that nothing created by human hands can be truly flawless. Through his friend Atzbacher, we encounter Reger’s fiercely critical mind, his grief over the death of his wife, and his contempt for the hypocrisies of Austrian society. Over the course of a single day, art becomes the starting point for a merciless examination of culture, philosophy, nationalism, and the absurdities of human existence. Darkly comic and deliberately provocative, Bernhard’s novel challenges the reverence we attach to great artists and celebrated institutions, suggesting that sometimes the only honest response to perfection is to question it.

Cities of Salt

Abd al-Rahman Munif

Cities of Salt is the first novel in Abdul Rahman Munif’s celebrated quintet exploring the transformation of the Arabian Peninsula following the discovery of oil. Set in a fictional oasis community in the Arabian Gulf, the story begins when foreign oil companies arrive and begin exploiting the region’s natural resources. Their presence disrupts the traditional way of life, forcing local inhabitants to confront unfamiliar technologies, new economic structures, and the growing influence of foreign powers. Through the experiences of villagers, merchants, tribal leaders, and migrant workers, Munif portrays the profound social and cultural upheaval caused by rapid modernisation. As oil wealth transforms the landscape, longstanding relationships and communal traditions begin to fracture, while new hierarchies of power emerge. The novel examines the consequences of economic exploitation, environmental destruction, and political domination, revealing how entire communities can be reshaped by forces beyond their control. With its expansive narrative and collective cast of characters, Cities of Salt offers a powerful reflection on the human costs of oil-driven development and the disappearance of traditional ways of life.

Saudi Arabia 1984

Silent House

Every summer, three siblings travel to a coastal town near Istanbul to visit their elderly grandmother, Fatma, who lives in a house filled with memories of a vanished world. Their grandfather, a doctor and idealist, built the house decades earlier, but his ambitions and radical ideas left painful marks on the family. During their visit, the siblings reveal contrasting visions of Turkey’s future. Faruk, a disillusioned historian, struggles with his sense of purpose; Nilgün, a politically engaged young woman, dreams of a more egalitarian society; and Metin longs for wealth and the opportunities he associates with the West. Meanwhile, Fatma’s memories return to a past shaped by resentment, regret, and family secrets. Set against the political polarisation of late-1970s Turkey, Silent House examines the tensions between generations, social classes, and competing ideologies. Through the voices of its deeply different characters, Pamuk reveals how a family’s private conflicts can mirror the divisions of an entire nation.

The World, the Text, and the Critic

The World, the Text, and the Critic

Can literature ever be separated from the world in which it is created? In The World, the Text, and the Critic, Edward W. Said challenges the idea that literary works should be understood independently of their historical and political contexts. Through a series of essays, he examines the relationship between literature, intellectual life, institutions, and social power. Said introduces the idea of worldliness: texts are produced within particular historical circumstances and participate in the societies around them, whether their authors acknowledge it or not. He also considers the critic’s responsibility to question established assumptions rather than simply reinforce dominant ideas. This influential collection explores how literary criticism can become a form of intellectual independence and public engagement.

Palestine United States 1983

About this theme

Books: 140
Countries: 54

Countries with this theme

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Congo, Democratic Republic

Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast)

Dominican Republic