Society & Class

Examinations of class, power, and the structures we live within.

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The Death of Artemio Cruz

The Death of Artemio Cruz

On his deathbed, Artemio Cruz, a wealthy and powerful Mexican businessman, looks back over a life built on ambition, betrayal, and corruption. Once a young soldier fighting in the Mexican Revolution, he began with ideals of justice and freedom. But as the years passed, he traded those ideals for wealth and influence, exploiting the very people the revolution had promised to liberate. Through fragmented memories spanning several decades, Fuentes reconstructs Cruz’s rise from a young revolutionary to a ruthless political and economic power broker. His recollections reveal lost love, compromised loyalties, and the personal sacrifices behind his success. As his body fails, he must confront the gulf between the man he once hoped to become and the man he has made himself. Experimenting with shifting perspectives and a nonlinear narrative, Fuentes transforms one man’s final hours into a sweeping portrait of twentieth-century Mexico. The novel exposes how revolutions can betray their promises, how power corrupts, and how personal ambition can become inseparable from a nation’s troubled history. Both a psychological reckoning and a fierce political critique, The Death of Artemio Cruz asks what remains of a person’s ideals when the pursuit of power has consumed everything else.

Arrow of God is set in the Igbo communities of southeastern Nigeria during the early twentieth century, as British colonial rule and Christian missionary activity begin to transform traditional society. At the centre of the novel is Ezeulu, the chief priest of Ulu, the most powerful deity of six neighbouring villages. Proud, intelligent, and deeply committed to his religious responsibilities, Ezeulu sees himself as the guardian of his people’s spiritual and cultural traditions. However, his growing conflicts with colonial administrators, Christian missionaries, and rival community leaders gradually undermine his authority. When Ezeulu refuses to cooperate with the British authorities, his decision creates a crisis that threatens both his position and the unity of his people. His personal pride and religious convictions become entangled with broader struggles over power, belief, and cultural survival. Through Ezeulu’s tragic story, Chinua Achebe examines the consequences of colonialism, the tensions between tradition and change, and the dangers of political and spiritual inflexibility. The novel offers a nuanced portrait of a society confronting profound transformation from within and without.

The Master and Margarita

The Master and Margarita

Mikhail Bulgakov

The Master and Margarita is a surreal, satirical novel in which the Devil arrives in Moscow accompanied by a bizarre entourage, including a giant talking black cat. Their supernatural antics expose the hypocrisy, greed, cowardice, and corruption of Soviet society, throwing the city’s literary establishment and ordinary citizens into chaos. Alongside this fantastical story, the novel follows the Master, a writer whose novel about Pontius Pilate has brought him persecution, and Margarita, the woman who loves him and refuses to abandon him. Desperate to find the Master, Margarita enters a dangerous bargain that leads her into the Devil’s extraordinary world. Interwoven with their story are chapters retelling the trial and execution of Jesus through the perspective of Pontius Pilate, who struggles with fear, conscience, and moral responsibility. Blending fantasy, political satire, romance, and philosophical reflection, Bulgakov’s masterpiece explores the conflict between truth and authority, the power of love, artistic freedom, and the enduring struggle between good and evil.

Invisible Cities

Invisible Cities

Invisible Cities imagines a series of conversations between the Venetian traveller Marco Polo and the Mongol emperor Kublai Khan. Polo describes extraordinary cities he claims to have visited, each possessing distinctive customs, architecture, memories, and relationships with time. Some cities seem suspended between life and death; others are organised around desire, exchange, or the endless accumulation of objects. Gradually, the descriptions become less like conventional travel accounts and more like meditations on human experience. Khan attempts to understand the vastness of his empire through Polo’s stories, while the traveller uses language to explore places that may reflect aspects of Venice itself. Calvino combines fantasy, philosophy, and poetic imagery to examine memory, communication, urban life, and the relationship between imagination and reality. The book invites readers to consider how cities express the hopes, fears, and contradictions of the people who inhabit them.

Cynics

Anatoly Marienhof

Set in Moscow during the turbulent years following the Russian Revolution, Cynics is a darkly comic portrait of love, survival, and moral compromise under Bolshevik rule. At its center is Vladimir, an idealistic intellectual hopelessly in love with Olga, a woman whose priorities are shaped increasingly by the struggle to obtain food, warmth, and security. When Olga becomes interested in serving the revolution, Vladimir introduces her to his brother Sergei, a Bolshevik official. Their relationships develop into a painful love triangle in which personal desires collide with political ambition and material necessity. Written in a sharp, fragmented style, Marienhof’s novel juxtaposes intimate emotions with the absurdities and brutality of everyday life during War Communism and the New Economic Policy. Its characters navigate a society where ideological convictions often conceal self-interest, and basic necessities can outweigh romantic ideals. Through biting satire, grotesque humor, and cinematic scenes, Marienhof exposes the contradictions of revolutionary life without romanticizing either the old order or the new regime. Initially published in Berlin because Soviet censorship prevented its domestic publication, Cynics remains a striking exploration of how political upheaval reshapes private morality and human relationships.

Covering Islam

How does the media shape what the world believes about Islam? In Covering Islam, Edward W. Said investigates how Western news organisations, academics, and political commentators represent Islam and Muslim societies. He argues that media coverage often reduces diverse communities to simplified images associated with extremism, conflict, and political threat, obscuring the complexity of their histories and everyday lives. Said explores the relationship between knowledge, media institutions, and political power, asking readers to question who gets to define another culture and whose perspectives are excluded. The book remains an important study of representation, stereotyping, and the influence of public narratives on international understanding.

Palestine United States 1981

Troubled Waters

Troubled Waters

Set in the pleasure district of Meiji-era Japan, Troubled Waters (Nigorie) portrays the troubled life of Oriki, a popular courtesan at the Kikunoi establishment. Beautiful and admired by her customers, Oriki conceals a deep unhappiness rooted in poverty, social exclusion, and the limited choices available to women in her position. Her past is intertwined with Genshichi, a former customer whose obsessive devotion to her has cost him his business and left his wife and child in desperate circumstances. Although Oriki has begun seeing another wealthy patron, she remains haunted by the consequences of her earlier relationship. Through fragmented conversations and shifting perspectives, Higuchi gradually reveals the emotional burdens carried by Oriki and those around her. The story examines the destructive effects of poverty, the unequal power dynamics between men and women, and the social structures that trap individuals in seemingly inescapable circumstances. With psychological subtlety and compassion, Higuchi gives voice to people marginalized by respectable society. Troubled Waters remains a powerful portrait of female vulnerability and the human cost of a world in which economic hardship and social expectations constrain personal freedom. Publication note: The original Japanese story, Nigorie, appeared in 1895. English translations have been published under several titles, including Muddy Bay (1958) and Troubled Waters (1981). A new translation by Bryan Karetnyk is included in a 2026 collection of Higuchi’s stories published by Pushkin Press.

The Post-Office Girl

The Post-Office Girl

Set in Austria after the First World War, The Post-Office Girl follows Christine Hoflehner, a young woman working in a small post office in a provincial town. Trapped in poverty and burdened by the responsibility of caring for her sick mother, Christine leads a life marked by exhaustion and limited possibilities. Her circumstances change unexpectedly when she receives an invitation to visit her wealthy aunt in Switzerland, where she experiences luxury, freedom, and a world previously beyond her imagination. However, her brief escape exposes the deep divisions between social classes and makes returning to her former life almost unbearable. When Christine encounters Ferdinand, a disillusioned war veteran, they begin to imagine a different future together. Zweig portrays the psychological consequences of poverty, the fragility of hope, and the crushing effects of social inequality in a society struggling to recover from war.

Silent House

Every summer, three siblings travel to a coastal town near Istanbul to visit their elderly grandmother, Fatma, who lives in a house filled with memories of a vanished world. Their grandfather, a doctor and idealist, built the house decades earlier, but his ambitions and radical ideas left painful marks on the family. During their visit, the siblings reveal contrasting visions of Turkey’s future. Faruk, a disillusioned historian, struggles with his sense of purpose; Nilgün, a politically engaged young woman, dreams of a more egalitarian society; and Metin longs for wealth and the opportunities he associates with the West. Meanwhile, Fatma’s memories return to a past shaped by resentment, regret, and family secrets. Set against the political polarisation of late-1970s Turkey, Silent House examines the tensions between generations, social classes, and competing ideologies. Through the voices of its deeply different characters, Pamuk reveals how a family’s private conflicts can mirror the divisions of an entire nation.

The World, the Text, and the Critic

The World, the Text, and the Critic

Can literature ever be separated from the world in which it is created? In The World, the Text, and the Critic, Edward W. Said challenges the idea that literary works should be understood independently of their historical and political contexts. Through a series of essays, he examines the relationship between literature, intellectual life, institutions, and social power. Said introduces the idea of worldliness: texts are produced within particular historical circumstances and participate in the societies around them, whether their authors acknowledge it or not. He also considers the critic’s responsibility to question established assumptions rather than simply reinforce dominant ideas. This influential collection explores how literary criticism can become a form of intellectual independence and public engagement.

Palestine United States 1983

Cities of Salt

Abd al-Rahman Munif

Cities of Salt is the first novel in Abdul Rahman Munif’s celebrated quintet exploring the transformation of the Arabian Peninsula following the discovery of oil. Set in a fictional oasis community in the Arabian Gulf, the story begins when foreign oil companies arrive and begin exploiting the region’s natural resources. Their presence disrupts the traditional way of life, forcing local inhabitants to confront unfamiliar technologies, new economic structures, and the growing influence of foreign powers. Through the experiences of villagers, merchants, tribal leaders, and migrant workers, Munif portrays the profound social and cultural upheaval caused by rapid modernisation. As oil wealth transforms the landscape, longstanding relationships and communal traditions begin to fracture, while new hierarchies of power emerge. The novel examines the consequences of economic exploitation, environmental destruction, and political domination, revealing how entire communities can be reshaped by forces beyond their control. With its expansive narrative and collective cast of characters, Cities of Salt offers a powerful reflection on the human costs of oil-driven development and the disappearance of traditional ways of life.

Saudi Arabia 1984

Old Masters: A Comedy

Old Masters: A Comedy

Thomas Bernhard

For more than thirty years, music critic Reger has returned to the same bench in Vienna’s Kunsthistorisches Museum to contemplate a painting by Tintoretto. But he is not there simply to admire art: he studies masterpieces in search of their imperfections, convinced that nothing created by human hands can be truly flawless. Through his friend Atzbacher, we encounter Reger’s fiercely critical mind, his grief over the death of his wife, and his contempt for the hypocrisies of Austrian society. Over the course of a single day, art becomes the starting point for a merciless examination of culture, philosophy, nationalism, and the absurdities of human existence. Darkly comic and deliberately provocative, Bernhard’s novel challenges the reverence we attach to great artists and celebrated institutions, suggesting that sometimes the only honest response to perfection is to question it.

About this theme

Books: 140
Countries: 54

Countries with this theme

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Congo, Democratic Republic

Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast)

Dominican Republic